Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a complex, debilitating autoimmune disease that causes orbital inflammation and tissue remodeling, leading to proptosis, diplopia, and even vision loss in severe cases. TED can cause facial disfigurement and severely impact the patient’s quality of life. Although the course of TED was established more than 60 years ago, effective treatments have proven challenging. Current treatments such as glucocorticoid therapy and orbital radiation focus on reducing orbital inflammation. However, these therapies did not change the outcome of the disease, including proptosis and diplopia. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of TED have led to the development of targeted molecular therapies, such as teprotumumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. In recent phase 2 and 3 randomized placebo-controlled trials, teprotumumab rapidly improved clinical endpoints that define Thyroid eye disease, including improvement in proptosis and diplopia. To date, clinical outcomes have been significantly improved following treatment with teprotumumab during active TED, only comparable to surgical therapy obtained during inactive TED. The advent of effective drug therapy may lead to a paradigm shift in the clinical management of TED. This review will provide an overview of TED, its epidemiology, insights into the molecular biology, clinical features, and diagnosis of the disease, as well as current and emerging treatment modalities.

Including improvement of proptosis and diplopia. To date, clinical outcomes have been significantly improved following treatment with teprotumumab during active TED, only comparable to surgical therapy obtained during inactive TED. The advent of effective drug therapy may lead to a paradigm shift in the clinical management of TED. This review will provide an overview of TED, its epidemiology, insights into the molecular biology, clinical features, and diagnosis of the disease, as well as current and emerging treatment modalities. Including improvement of proptosis and diplopia. To date, clinical outcomes have been significantly improved following treatment with teprotumumab during active TED, only comparable to surgical therapy obtained during inactive TED. The advent of effective drug therapy may lead to a paradigm shift in the clinical management of TED. This review will provide an overview of TED, its epidemiology, insights into the molecular biology, clinical features, and diagnosis of the disease, as well as current and emerging treatment modalities. The advent of effective drug therapy may lead to a paradigm shift in the clinical management of TED. This review will provide an overview of TED, its epidemiology, insights into the molecular biology, clinical features and diagnosis of the disease, as well as current and emerging treatments Way. The advent of effective drug therapy may lead to a paradigm shift in the clinical management of TED.

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